"ruken" meaning in Middle Dutch

See ruken in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

Etymology: From Old Dutch *rūcan, from Proto-West Germanic *reukan, from Proto-Germanic *reukaną. Etymology templates: {{inh|dum|odt|*rūcan}} Old Dutch *rūcan, {{inh|dum|gmw-pro|*reukan}} Proto-West Germanic *reukan, {{inh|dum|gem-pro|*reukaną}} Proto-Germanic *reukaną Head templates: {{head|dum|verb|cat2=|head=|head2=|sort=}} ruken, {{dum-verb}} ruken Inflection templates: {{dum-conj-st|ruk|rôk|rōk|gerōken|class=2}} Forms: strong [table-tags], ruken [error-unrecognized-form, infinitive], rukens [genitive, infinitive], rukene [dative, infinitive], ruke [first-person, indicative, present, singular], rôoc [first-person, indicative, past, singular], ruke [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], rōke [first-person, past, singular, subjunctive], ruucs [indicative, present, second-person, singular], rukes [indicative, present, second-person, singular], rōocs [indicative, past, second-person, singular], rōkes [indicative, past, second-person, singular], ruucs [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], rukes [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], rōkes [past, second-person, singular, subjunctive], ruuct [indicative, present, singular, third-person], ruket [indicative, present, singular, third-person], rôoc [indicative, past, singular, third-person], ruke [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], rōke [past, singular, subjunctive, third-person], ruken [first-person, indicative, plural, present], rōken [first-person, indicative, past, plural], ruken [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], rōken [first-person, past, plural, subjunctive], ruuct [indicative, plural, present, second-person], ruket [indicative, plural, present, second-person], rōoct [indicative, past, plural, second-person], rōket [indicative, past, plural, second-person], ruuct [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], ruket [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], rōket [past, plural, second-person, subjunctive], ruken [indicative, plural, present, third-person], rōken [indicative, past, plural, third-person], ruken [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], rōken [past, plural, subjunctive, third-person], ruuc [imperative, indicative, present, singular], ruke [imperative, indicative, present, singular], ruuct [imperative, indicative, plural, present], ruket [imperative, indicative, plural, present], rukende [imperative, participle, present], gerōken [imperative, participle, past], rieken [alternative], riken [alternative]
  1. to smell, to perceive a smell
    Sense id: en-ruken-dum-verb-TCbJyyNV Categories (other): Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 50 50 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 49 51
  2. to smell, to emit a smell
    Sense id: en-ruken-dum-verb-waL7Ke1Y Categories (other): Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header: 39 61 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 50 50 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 49 51

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "word": "ruik"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "word": "ruiken"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "word": "ruik"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "word": "rieken"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Limburgish",
      "lang_code": "li",
      "word": "ruke"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "odt",
        "3": "*rūcan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch *rūcan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*reukan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *reukan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*reukaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *reukaną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *rūcan, from Proto-West Germanic *reukan, from Proto-Germanic *reukaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "strong",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dum-conj-st",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "2",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukens",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukene",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rôoc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruucs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōocs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōkes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruucs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōkes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rôoc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōoct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukende",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rieken",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riken",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "verb",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "ruken",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ruken",
      "name": "dum-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ruk",
        "2": "rôk",
        "3": "rōk",
        "4": "gerōken",
        "class": "2"
      },
      "name": "dum-conj-st"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Dutch",
  "lang_code": "dum",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "49 51",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to smell, to perceive a smell"
      ],
      "id": "en-ruken-dum-verb-TCbJyyNV",
      "links": [
        [
          "smell",
          "smell"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "39 61",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "49 51",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to smell, to emit a smell"
      ],
      "id": "en-ruken-dum-verb-waL7Ke1Y",
      "links": [
        [
          "smell",
          "smell"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ruken"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle Dutch class 2 strong verbs",
    "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle Dutch lemmas",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
    "Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle Dutch verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "word": "ruik"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "word": "ruiken"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "lang_code": "af",
          "word": "ruik"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "lang_code": "nl",
      "word": "rieken"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Limburgish",
      "lang_code": "li",
      "word": "ruke"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "odt",
        "3": "*rūcan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch *rūcan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*reukan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *reukan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*reukaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *reukaną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *rūcan, from Proto-West Germanic *reukan, from Proto-Germanic *reukaną.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "strong",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dum-conj-st",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "2",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukens",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukene",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rôoc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruucs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōocs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōkes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruucs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōkes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rôoc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōoct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruke",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruuct",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ruket",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rukende",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerōken",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rieken",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "riken",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "verb",
        "cat2": "",
        "head": "",
        "head2": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "ruken",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "ruken",
      "name": "dum-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ruk",
        "2": "rôk",
        "3": "rōk",
        "4": "gerōken",
        "class": "2"
      },
      "name": "dum-conj-st"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle Dutch",
  "lang_code": "dum",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to smell, to perceive a smell"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "smell",
          "smell"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to smell, to emit a smell"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "smell",
          "smell"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "ruken"
}

Download raw JSONL data for ruken meaning in Middle Dutch (6.1kB)

{
  "called_from": "inflection/865",
  "msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: ruken/Middle Dutch 'base form' base_tags={'strong', 'infinitive'}",
  "path": [
    "ruken"
  ],
  "section": "Middle Dutch",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "ruken",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (ade7ec3 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.